ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL REPORT
“RESPIRATION”
By:
Zakyah
120210153086
A-International
Group
1
BIOLOGY
EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT EDUCATION
FACULTY OF
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
JEMBER UNIVERSITY
2014
I.
Title
RESPIRATION
Using Speed Oxygen In Animals Respiration
Using Speed Oxygen In Animals Respiration
II.
Purpose
1. Proving
that respiration requires oxygen
2. Calculating
the speed of use of O2 in the respiratory process several kinds of
animals
III.
Tinjaun
Pustaka
Respiration is the process of decomposition of food that produces energy.
Respiration is carried by all living things with all constituent bodies, both
plant cells and animal cells, and human. Respiration is carried out both day
and night (Syamsuri, 1980).
Have the primary function of the
respiratory system to supply oxygen in the body and remove CO2 from the body.
External respiration the same as breathing, while the internal cellular
respiration is the process the body's use of oxygen by the cells and the
disposal of waste products of cell metabolism in the form of CO2, respiration
must support implementation by appropriate respirator that is, a tool that can be used
by animals to perform gas exchange with the environment, the tool is a special
breathing apparatus or not (Isnaeni, 2006).
Plants, algae, and some bacteria
harvest the energy of sunlight through photosynthesis, converting radiant
energy into chemical energy. Reviews These organisms, along with a few others
that use chemical energy in a Similar way, are called autotrophs ("selffeeders").
All other organisms live on the autotrophs produce organic compounds, using
them as food, and are called heterotrophs ("fed by others"). At least
95% of the kinds of organisms on Earth-all animals and fungi, and most protists
and prokaryotes-are heterotrophs. Autotrophs also extract energy from organic
compounds-they just have the additional capacity to use the energy from
sunlight to synthesize Reviews These compounds. The process by the which energy
is harvested is cellular respiration-the oxidation of organic compounds to
extract energy from chemical bonds (Mason, 2008)
As a respiratory medium, air has
many advantages, one of which is of course a high oxygen content. In addition,
since O2 and CO2 diffuse much faster in air than in
water, the surface exposed to the air respiration should not be in such
thoroughly gill respiration. While surface respiration removing oxygen from the
air and give off carbon dioxide, diffusion quickly bring more oxygen to the
surface and disposing of carbon dioxide respiration. When land animals do
ventilation, the less energy is used because the air is much easier on the move
than with water. However, a problem that beat the air as the medium gains
respiration. Respiratory surface should be larger and continuously moist will
lose water to the air through evaporation. The problem was overcome by making surface respiration fold into the body.
Insects have a special
respiratory system trachea, made of pipes that branch throughout the body, is one of the variations of the internal respiratory
surface folded and that's the biggest pipe called trachea. For a small insect,
diffusion processes alone can carry enough O2 from the air into the
tracheal system and dispose of enough CO2 to support cellular
respiration system. Larger insects with higher energy demands ventilased trachea systems with rhythmic body movements (rhythmic) that compress and
conflate air pipes as a tool blower (Campbell, 2008).
Metabolic rate is the total
amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit time. The rate of
metabolism is closely related to respiration because respiration is the process
of extracting energy from food molecules depends on the presence of oxygen
(Tobin, 2005). Simply put, the chemical reactions that occur in respiration can
be written as follows:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → CO2 + 6H2O + 6 ATP
(Tobin, 2005).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → CO2 + 6H2O + 6 ATP
(Tobin, 2005).
Metabolic rate is usually
estimated by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed per unit time living
beings. This allows for the oxidation of foodstuffs requires oxygen (known
quantities) to produce the amount of energy that can be known. However, the
rate of metabolism is usually fairly expressed in the form of rate of oxygen
consumption. Several factors affect the rate of oxygen consumption, among
others, temperature, species, body size, and activity (Tobin, 2005).
Respiration is an
energy-producing processes in the living body. In addition to the energy
produced carbon dioxide is also produced which must be removed from the body.
The process of respiration includes 4 parts:
1.
Exit and entry of air
between the two respiratory organs (lungs alveole) called polmonum ventilation.
2.
Diffusion of O2
and CO2 between the air and alveole and in the blood.
3.
Transport of O2
and CO2 in blood / body fluids to and from the cell.
4.
Setting
in terms of ventilation and other respiratory Segui.
of the four above process can be divided into:
of the four above process can be divided into:
a)
External Respiration:
O2 and CO2 exchange covering that occurs in the lungs
between alveole and capillary blood.
b)
Internal Respiration:
include exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in
fabrics: all the process of gas exchange between the cells with the fluid
surrounding the cells.
In humans exhale when breathing,
to the maximum, in the lungs is still no air. This is called residual air
residual air. When issued ordinary breath, the lungs still contain air and the
air is called a backup. When you inhale and breath eject regular basis, then this is called the breathing air. If we draw a deep
breath, breathing the air in addition to also still be able to put the air
again and the air is called complementary. Movement of gas through the
respiratory membrane surface in and out of the body cells if available in water
diffusion, the gas will dissolve in the membrane surface is wet and through according to the concentration gradient. Because of the oxygen used by
cells of the levels in the cells and the body will always be lower than in the
environment, either in water or in the air where the animals live. Instead the
cells produce CO2 because the gas in the cell and that there is a
preformance amount greater than their environment. The respiratory system of
insects recognizes two systems, namely open systems and closed systems. Used
equipment or the organ called spirakulum (spiracle), and tracheal tubes also tracheola.
The total pressure of the air is actually a number of gas pressure N2,
O2, CO2, and other gases. O2's own entrance
into the network with a single process the air pressure in the network. Thus O2
pressure must be greater than the air pressure in the tissue (Campbell, 2008).
According to Buckman and Brady
(1982) in Azizah (2007), high water content with no availability of oxygen, the
decomposition process will result in a less than perfect so as to produce other
compounds such as organic acids, which would change the nature of the soil to
become alkaline or pH increases . Organisms known as decomposers, decomposers
approach generally requires alkaline pH.
Factors affecting respiration:
1.
body weight
The more severe the
body of an organism, the more oxygen is needed and the sooner the process
respiration.
2.
body temperature
The higher the
temperature, the more the energy needs so that O2 also needs more and more.
3.
Activity
body
Living creatures
require energy body activity. Means the weight of its activity, the more energy
needs, making breathing more quickly.
The process of inspiration and excretion lasted as much as 15 to 18 times every minute, but this frequency in each person is different, because it is influenced by the following factors:
The process of inspiration and excretion lasted as much as 15 to 18 times every minute, but this frequency in each person is different, because it is influenced by the following factors:
a)
Age
More children than
adults breathing frequency. This is because the children are still in the age
of so much growth requires energy. Therefore, the need for oxygen is also much
more than parents.
b)
Gender
More men than women breathing frequency. the more energy is needed, means the more O2 is taken from the air. This happens because men are generally more active than women .
More men than women breathing frequency. the more energy is needed, means the more O2 is taken from the air. This happens because men are generally more active than women .
c)
body temperature
The higher body
temperature (fever), the respiratory rate will be faster. In the hot
environment of the body to increase metabolism to maintain the temperature to
remain stable. For the body should be a lot of sweat to lower body temperature.
This activity requires energy produced from the oxidation events by using
oxygen so it will need more oxygen to increase the frequency.
d)
The position of the
body
Respiratory rate
increased when compared to walking or running a stop. respiratory rate faster
than the standing posture. Respiratory frequency sleep position faster than the
prone position
e)
Body Activity
Means the weight of
its work, the more energy needs, so the faster the breathing frequency.
Reptiles
were the first vertebrates that adapted
on terrestrial habitat area and breathe use lung
as an organ for the acquisition of oxygen. Her skin is not used for gas
exchange, but to keep the body from dehydration, dryness, which skin keratin
coated. (Carvalho, 2011). To compare the two effects balance under
physiological metabolism, oxygen consumption and CO2 expenditure
during cool temperatures, cold and very cold. In fact the best known is the
exchange of gases in the ectoderm which depends on environmental conditions
(Voituron, Yann et al., 2002).
In
the insect tracheal system is a tool to take oxygen from outside, are
distributed around the body and remove carbon dioxide. Air enters into the
trachea by means of diffusion through the spiracles or aided by air vents.
The grasshopper tracheal system is quite typical as found in insects and insects in general. Trachea-trachea begins at the small holes in the exoskeleton (external skeleton) called spiracles. In insects smaller or less active entry of O2 through the tracheal system with a simple function. Should the rice-sized insects such as grasshoppers and active with the gait of air exchange with the trachea.
Contractions in locust muscle flattens sagging organs, respiratory known with vital breathing lungs and at the point of maximum expiratory approximately (residual air) remain in the lungs. To understand respiration of animals then we do not only look at the nature of the organs respiratory alone but the mechanisms used to control respiration and adaptation to different environments. Together with other homoiostatic functions, animal respiration should be integrated and coordinated with other control activities.
The grasshopper tracheal system is quite typical as found in insects and insects in general. Trachea-trachea begins at the small holes in the exoskeleton (external skeleton) called spiracles. In insects smaller or less active entry of O2 through the tracheal system with a simple function. Should the rice-sized insects such as grasshoppers and active with the gait of air exchange with the trachea.
Contractions in locust muscle flattens sagging organs, respiratory known with vital breathing lungs and at the point of maximum expiratory approximately (residual air) remain in the lungs. To understand respiration of animals then we do not only look at the nature of the organs respiratory alone but the mechanisms used to control respiration and adaptation to different environments. Together with other homoiostatic functions, animal respiration should be integrated and coordinated with other control activities.
IV. Research Method
4.1 Tools
-
Respirometer
-
Beaker glass
-
Pipette
-
Stopwatch
-
Scales analytic
4.2 Materials
-
Grasshopper
-
Earthworms
-
KOH / NaOH crystals
-
Vaseline
-
Lizard
-
Crickets
-
Cotton
-
Eusin
4.3 Procedure
V.
OBSERVATION RESULT
GROUP
|
ANIMAL
|
WEIGHT
(GR)
|
INTERVAL VELOCITY OXYGEN USE
|
AVERAGE
|
RESPIRATION RATE
(ML/MINUTE)
|
||||||||||||
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
||||||||
1
|
cricket
|
6,6
|
0,18
|
0,19
|
0,16
|
0,15
|
0,14
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0,164
|
0,124
|
|||
2
|
Worm
|
0,9
|
0,03
|
0,03
|
0,02
|
0,03
|
0,02
|
0,02
|
0,03
|
0,01
|
0
|
0,01
|
0,02
|
0,002
|
|||
3
|
Grasshopper
|
2,6
|
0,04
|
0,04
|
0,03
|
0,03
|
0,03
|
0,02
|
0,02
|
0,04
|
0,02
|
0,03
|
0,03
|
0,0012
|
|||
4
|
Lizard
|
1,2
|
0,06
|
0,04
|
0,06
|
0,06
|
0,08
|
0,08
|
0,08
|
0,08
|
0,09
|
0,1
|
0,072
|
0,00654
|
|||
VI.
Pembahasan
Praktikum
ini tentang kecepatan penggunaan oksigen dalam respirasi hewan yang bertujuan
untuk membuktikan bahwa respirasi membutuhkan oksigen dan menghitung kecepatan
penggunaan O2 dalam proses respirasi beberapa macam hewan.
Secara umum, bernafas artinya melakukan pertukaran gas, yaitu
mengambil oksigen (O2) ke dalam paru-paru yang disebut proses
inspirasi dan mengeluarkan karbondioksida (CO2) serta uap air (H2O)
yang disebut proses ekspirasi. Sedangkan respirasi adalah seluruh proses sejak
pengambilan O2 untuk memecah senyawa-senyawa organik menjadi CO2,
H2O dan energi. Pertukaran gas O2 dan gas CO2
berlangsung melalui proses difusi. Alat-alat pernafasan dapat berupa paru-paru,
insang, trakea maupun bentuk lain yang dapat melangsungkan pertukaran gas O2
dan gas CO2. Respirasi dilakukan oleh semua makhluk hidup dengan
semua penyusun tubuh, baik sel tumbuhan maupun sel hewan, dan manusia.
Pada percobaan ini, menggunakan alat
yang disebut respirometer, yaitu alat yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur
kecepatan pernapasan beberapa macam organisme hidup seperti serangga, bunga,
akar, kecambah yang segar. Langkah kerja dalam percobaan ini yaitu dengan
menyediakan respirometer, dan kemudian memasukkan hewan percobaan berupa
serangga yang sudah ditimbang kedalam repirometer dan kemudian memasukkan KOH
dan NaOH kristal yang telah dibungkus dengan kapas. Fungsi KOH atau NaOH
digunakan untuk menyerap CO2 yang dihembuskan oleh hewan atau tumbuhan yang berada di dalam
respirometer, agar organisme (kecambah dan jangkrik) tidak menghirup CO2
yang dikeluarkan setelah bernafas. Kristal KOH/NaOH dapat mengikat CO2
karena bersifat hidroskopis. Larutan
eusin tersebut berfungsi sebagai indikator oksigen yang dihirup oleh organisme yang
ada di dalam tabung pada repirometer sederhana. Eosin bergerak ke
arah tabung spesimen (ke dalam) karena adanya penyusutan volum udara dalam
tabung tertutup tersebut. Oksigen dihirup oleh jangkrik, kemudian karbon
dioksida dikeluarkan namun diserap oleh NaOH. Kapas berfungsi untuk membungkus
Kristal KOH/NaOH dan sebagai indikator adanya H2O (uap air) sebagai
hasil dari proses respirasi yang ditandai dengan kapas menjadi basah setelah
percobaan. Begitu terus menerus sehingga udara
dalam tabung berkurang dan eosin bergerak ke dalam. Selanjutnya, menutup tabung
dengan pipa kapiler dan mengamati serta menghitung kecepatan gerakan eusin tiap
tiga menit selama sepuluh kali.
Dari
hasil pengsamatan yang diperoleh pada percobaan tersebut diperoleh data sebagai
berikut;
Kelompok
1 menggunakan Jangkrik sebagai hewan percobaan dengan berat 6,6 gr. Data yang
diperoleh kelompok 1 pada menit ke-1 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,18.
Pada menit ke-2 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,19. Pada menit ke-3
diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,16. Pada menit ke-4 diperoleh kecepatan
respirasi sebesar 0,15. Pada menit ke-5 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar
0,16. Dan rata-rata kecepatan respirasinya adalah 0,164.
Data yang diperoleh kelompok 2
menggunakan cacing sebagai hewan percobaan dengan berat 0,9 gr. Pada menit ke-1
diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,03. Pada menit ke-2 diperoleh kecepatan
respirasi sebesar 0,03. Pada menit ke-3 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar
0,02. Pada menit ke-4 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,03. Pada menit
ke-5 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,02. Pada menit ke-6 diperoleh
kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,02. Pada menit ke-7 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi
sebesar 0,03. Pada menit ke-8 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,01. Pada
menit ke-9 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0. Dan pada menit ke-10
diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,01. Dan rata-rata kecepatan
respirasinya adalah 0,02.
Kelompok 3 menggunakan Belalang sebagai
hewan percobaan dengan berat 2,6 gr. Data yang diperoleh kelompok 3 pada menit
ke-1 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,04. Pada menit ke-2 diperoleh kecepatan
respirasi sebesar 0,04. Pada menit ke-3 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar
0,03. Pada menit ke-4 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,03. Pada menit
ke-5 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,03. Pada menit ke-6 diperoleh
kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,02. Pada menit ke-7 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi
sebesar 0,02. Pada menit ke-8 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,04. Pada
menit ke-9 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,02. Sedangkan pada menit
ke-10 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,03. Dan rata-rata kecepatan
respirasinya adalah 0,03.
Data yang diperoleh kelompok 4
menggunakan cicak sebagai hewan percobaan dengan berat hewan sebesar 1,2 gr.
Pada menit ke-1 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,06. Pada menit ke-2
diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,04. Pada menit ke-3 diperoleh kecepatan
respirasi sebesar 0,06. Pada menit ke-4 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar
0,06. Pada menit ke-5 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,08. Pada menit
ke-6 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,08. Pada menit ke-7 diperoleh
kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,08. Pada menit ke-8 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi
sebesar 0,08. Pada menit ke-9 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,09.
Sedangkan pada menit ke-10 diperoleh kecepatan respirasi sebesar 0,01. Dan
rata-rata kecepatan respirasinya adalah 0,072.
Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh,
bahwa konsumsi oksigen pada setiap hewan itu berbeda. Pada hewan percobaan yang
dipakai, menunjukkan bahwa jangkrik lebih besar kecepatan respirasinya dibandingkan
dengan cacing dan belalang ataupun cicak. Semakin berat tubuh suatu organisme,
maka semakin banyak oksigen yang dibutuhkan dan semakin cepat proses
respirasinya. Artinya, hewan yang memiliki ukuran/
berat besar memiliki kemampuan menghirup oksigen yang lebih besar dibanding
hewan dengan ukuran lebih kecil. Hal tersebut jika
dibandingkan dengan dasar teori sudah sesuai, karena jika dilihat dari berat
badan hewan percobaan yang dipakai, jangkrik memiliki berat badan yang lebih
berat dari pada cacing, cicak dan belalang. Selain itu juga dipengaruhi oleh
alat pernafasan pada masing-masing hewan percobaan tersebut. Karena berat badan
dan alat pernafasan mempengaruhi jumlah konsumsi oksigen pada suatu organisme.
Pada hewan yang memiliki jenis
kelamin jantan dan betina, jumlah konsumsi oksigennya juga di pengaruhi oleh
berat/ukutan badan hewan tersebut. Jika hewan jantan memiliki ukuran rubuh yang
besar, maka jumlah konsumsi oksigennya juga besar demikian sebaliknya. Jika
hewan betina memiliki ukuran tubuh yang lebih besar, maka jumlah konsumsi
oksigennya juga besar.
Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi respirasi:
1. Usia
Anak-anak lebih banyak frekuensi pernafasannya daripada orang dewasa. Hal ini disebabkan anak-anak masih dalam usia pertumbuhan sehingga banyak memerlukan energi. Oleh sebab itu, kebutuhannya akan oksigen juga lebih banyak dibandingkan orang tua.
Anak-anak lebih banyak frekuensi pernafasannya daripada orang dewasa. Hal ini disebabkan anak-anak masih dalam usia pertumbuhan sehingga banyak memerlukan energi. Oleh sebab itu, kebutuhannya akan oksigen juga lebih banyak dibandingkan orang tua.
2. Jenis
kelamin.
Laki-laki
lebih banyak frekuensi pernafasannya daripada perempuan. semakin banyak energi
yang dibutuhkan, berarti semakin banyak pula O2 yang diambil dari udara. Hal
ini terjadi karena laki-laki umumnya beraktivitas lebih banyak daripada
perempuan
3. Suhu
tubuh
Semakin
tinggi suhu tubuh (demam) maka frekuensi pernapasan akan semakin cepat. Di lingkungan
yang panas tubuh mengalami peningkatan metabolisme untuk mempertahankan suhu
agar tetap stabil. Untuk itu tubuh harus lebih banyak mengeluarkan keringat
agar menurunkan suhu tubuh. Aktivitas ini membutuhkan energi yang dihasilkan
dari peristiwa oksidasi dengan menggunakan oksigen sehingga akan dibutuhkan
oksigen yang lebih banyak untuk meningkatkan frekuensi
4. Posisi
tubuh
Frekuensi
pernapasan meningkat saat berjalan atau berlari dibandingkan posisi diam.
frekuensi pernapasan posisi berdiri lebih cepat dibandingkan posisi duduk.
Frekuensi pernapasan posisi tidur terlentar lebih cepat dibandingkan posisi
tengkurap
5. Kegiatan
Tubuh
Berarti
semakin berat kerjanya maka semakin banyak kebutuhan energinya, sehingga
frekuensi pernapasannya semakin cepat.
VII.
Closing
7.1 Conclusion
a) Every living creature perform respiration that requires
oxygen because oxygen is one of the most vital needs in respiration
b) The weight of the body of an organism, the more oxygen is
needed and the sooner the process respiration
7.2 Suggestion
Practican should be more careful and cautious in carrying out
the lab and assistant should always accompany the practitioner in performing
the experiment to minimize the occurrence of errors
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