Kamis, 21 Mei 2015

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL REPPORT THE BODY TEMPERATURE OF ANIMALS

Description: Description: UNEJ

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL REPPORT
THE BODY TEMPERATURE OF ANIMALS









By:
Zakyah
120210153086
A-International










BIOLOGY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATHEMATICS
FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY JEMBER
2014

I.                Title
The body temperature of animals

II.             Purpose
The effect of several factors on the animal's body temperature

III.           Basic Theory
            Thermoregulation is the ability of living organisms to maintain body heat as part of a homeostatic process. Based on its ability to maintain body temperature, animals can be classified into two, namely:
a. Warm-blooded animals
Animal's body temperature is always constant, unchanging despite changing environmental temperatures.
b. animals Poikilotherm
The body temperature of animals are always changing along with the change of temperature (Duke, 1985).
             
              According Soesono (1974) in Rasyid (2010), temperature is one of the physical properties of sea water which can affect the metabolism and growth of aquatic organisms, besides temperature affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.
According Brotowidjoyo (1995) in Rasyid (2010) Temperature is oceanography parameters of the easiest to learn. Some research shows that fish are very sensitive to changes in temperature, although its value is very small (0,1oC), for example fish telestoi to respond to the changing temperatures of 0,03oC.
            Under the influence of environmental temperature on the temperature of the animals, the animals were divided into two groups, namely Poikilotherm and homoioterm. Poikilotherm animals are animals that are highly dependent on the temperature of the outside environment to raise their body temperature because of the heat generated from the whole system metabolism only slightly. The body temperature of animals Poikilotherm influenced by the environment. Internal body temperature higher than the temperature outside. Animals like this are also called cold-blooded animals. To deal with very bad weather (too cold or too hot), animals poikioterm need to conserve energy by hibernation or estivasi (Guyton, 1995).
            While homoioterm animals, are animals whose body heat coming from the heat production in the body, which is a byproduct of the metabolic network. On the other hand homoioterm animal called warm-blooded animals. Homoioterm animal's body temperature more stable, it is because the receptors in the brain that can regulate body temperature. Animals homoioterm typically maintain their body temperature around 35-40 ° C. Body temperature is a balance between heat gain from the (metabolic) or outside with heat loss. Animals homoioterm can do activities at different ambient temperatures due to the ability to regulate body temperature. Homoioterm animals have normal temperature variations are influenced by age, gender factors, environmental factors, factors long days and nights, consumed dietary factors and factors of digestion saturated water.
Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation), regulation of body fluids and excretions are elements of homeostasis. In thermoregulation known a cold-blooded (cold-blood animals) and warm-blooded animals (warm-blood animals). However, experts use the term ektoterm Biology and endothermic. The distribution of these groups is based on the main heat source of the animal's body. Ektoterm animal animals body heat is coming from the environment (heat absorbing environment). Ektoterm animal body temperature tends to fluctuate, depending on the ambient temperature. Animals in this group are members of invertebrates, fish, amphibia, and reptiles. While animals are endothermic animals body heat derived from the metabolism. The animal's body temperature more constant. Endothermic common in the group of birds (Aves) and mammals (Campbell et al, 2004).
Human thermoregulation centered on the anterior hypothalamus, there are three components making up the system timer or heat settings, namely termoreseptor, hypothalamus, and efferent nerves and thermoregulation (Swenson, 1997). The effect of temperature on the environment, the animals were divided into two groups, namely Poikilotherm and Warm-blooded. Poikilotherm body temperature is influenced by the environment. Internal body temperature higher than the temperature outside. Animals like this are also called cold-blooded animals. Warm-blooded animals and is often called warm-blooded animals (Duke's, 1985).
It is known that the oxygen uptake of a cold-blooded animal increases with rising temperature up to a certain maximum which is very near the thermal deathpoint. Beyond this maximum the oxygen uptake actually decreases for a very short range of rising temperatures, which indicates that the temperature is producing adverse effects. Winterstein argues that if the temperature increases beyond a certain point the oxygen requirements of the tissues are so high that the oxygen supply becomes inadequate and that death results from the consequent accumulation of metabolites. (Fraenkel And Herford, 1940)
In the Warm-blooded animals are more stable temperature, this is due to receptors in the brain that can regulate body temperature. Warm-blooded animals can do activities at different ambient temperatures result from the ability to regulate body temperature. Warm-blooded animals have a normal temperature variations are influenced by age, gender factors, environmental factors, factors the length of time of day and night, consumed dietary factors and factors of digestion saturated water (Swenson, 1997).
Normal human body temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius. Body temperature can be changed, for example, human tubule lowest temperature at 4:00 am; skin surface temperature is cooler than the temperature inside the body; ate increase the temperature for 1 or 2 hours; Alcohol lowers the temperature in the body. The temperature of the animal's body is different, which is between 35.5 degrees Celsius on elephants to about 42.7 degrees on small birds.
Humans, monkeys, mules, donkeys, horses, mice and elephants have a body temperature between 35.5 to 38.3 degrees Celsius. Cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits and pigs have a body temperature between 37.8 to 39.4 degrees Celsius. Turkeys, geese, ducks, owls, pelicans and vultures have a body temperature of between 40 to 41.1 degrees Celsius. While wild birds, pigeons, and a few small birds generally have a body temperature between 41.6 to 42.7 degrees Celsius.
Chickens are homeotermik or chicken body temperature relatively stable in a certain range is 40-41oC. But at the age of 0-5 days, the chicken still can not regulate their own body temperature. Chickens can only regulate their body temperature optimally since the age of 2 weeks. In addition to temperature, humidity (moisture in the air bound) is also noteworthy because the moisture will affect the temperature of the chicken. This is due to the body heat expenditure chicken is done (Carrascal, 2001).
Ektotermik and endothermic animals maintain a temperature
of body by combining four general categories of adaptation, namely:
1. Adjustment of the rate of heat exchange between the animal with him.
The insulation of the body such as hair, feathers, fat just beneath the skin to reduce heat loss. This adjustment consists of several mechanisms, including
a. endothermic animals change the amount of blood flow to the skin based on the surrounding temperature. For example in cold temperatures, the endothermic animals will shrink the diameter of blood vessels (vasoconstriction) resulting in decreased blood flow, whereas in the summer of endothermic animals will raise blood vessel diameter (vasodilitasi) resulting in increased blood flow.
b. Setting the arteries and veins called a countercurrent heat exchanger (countercurrent heat exchanger). Countercurrent setting allows the transfer of heat from the arteries to the veins along the blood vessels
2. Cooling by evaporative heat loss.
Endothermic and ektotermik terrestrial animals lose water through breathing and through the skin. If the humidity is low enough, the water will evaporate and the animal will lose heat by cooling through evaporation. Evaporation of the respiratory system can be improved by means of hoops (sticks tongue out). Cooling through evaporation on the skin can be improved by wading or sweating
3. Response behavior.
Many animals can increase or decrease the heat loss of the body by way of the move. They will bask in the sun or on hot stones during the winter, find a cool, moist, or go into a hole in the ground in the summer, and even migrate to a more suitable environment.
4. The conversion rate of metabolic heat production.
Categories adjustment is only valid for endothermic animals, particularly birds and mammals. Endothermic animals will increase metabolic heat production as much as two or three-fold when exposed to cold conditions (Campbell, 2004).
Hypothalamic
The hypothalamus is a very sensitive part, which is the main integration center to maintain energy balance and body temperature. The hypothalamus serves as the body's thermostat, to receive information from various parts of the body in the skin. Coordinated adjustment mechanism is very complicated in addition and subtraction as appropriate temperatures for core temperature mengorekasi any deviation from the normal reference values. The hypothalamus is able to respond to temperature changes as small blood 0,01ÂșC (Sherwood, 1996).

The hypothalamus constantly receive information about skin temperature and core temperature through specific receptors that are sensitive to temperature called termoreseptor (warm receptors, cold and pain in the periphery). Receptor is very active temperature during temperature changes. Primary temperature sensation adapted very quickly. Core temperature is monitored by a central termoreseptor located in the hypothalamus and in the central nervous system and organs of the abdomen (Sherwood, 1996).
The hypothalamus serves as the body's thermostat. The hypothalamus as the central integration of thermoregulation of the body, receiving afferent information about the temperature in different parts of the body and initiate coordinated adjustments are very complicated in the mechanism of heat addition or subtraction as appropriate to correct any deviation from the core temperature "normal standard". The hypothalamus is able to respond to changes in blood temperature as small as 0.01 0C. the level of the hypothalamus in response to deviations in body temperature adjusted very carefully, so that the heat generated or released is in accordance with the need to restore to normal temperature (Isnaeni, 2006).
To make adjustments to a balance between the reduction mechanism and the mechanism of heat addition and heat conservation, the hypothalamus must continually mandapat information about skin temperature and core temperature through special receptors called termoreseptor temperature sensitive. Termoreseptor peripheral skin temperature monitoring throughout the body and distribute information about changes to the surface temperature of the hypothalamus. Termoreseptor core temperature monitored by a central, located in the hypothalamus itself and elsewhere in the central nervous system and organs of the abdomen (Isnaeni, 2006).
There are two centers in the hypothalamus temperature setting. The posterior region is activated by cold temperatures and then memici reflex-mediated reflex heat production and heat conservation. Anterior region, which mediates the reduction of heat (Sherwood, 1996).

 


IV.           RESEARCH METHOD
a.        Tools and Materials
·     Tools                             
1.       Thermometer
2.       Scale
·     Materials :
1.       Adult hen
2.       Child hen
3.       Adult cock
4.       Child cock

b.      Working Procedures
The chicken body themperature     






               





          
      The influence of the body movement in chicken body























Rounded Rectangle: Preparing the hen or cock in different age: child hen, child cock, adult hen and adult cock






Rounded Rectangle: Preparing the body thermometer






Rounded Rectangle: Decrease the scale in thermometer






Rounded Rectangle: Inside the thermometer in to chicken cloaca during 2 minutes






Rounded Rectangle: Observing and according the themperature in the table


Rounded Rectangle: Preparing the hen or cock in different age: child hen, child cock, adult hen and adult cock





Rounded Rectangle: Preparing the body thermometer





Rounded Rectangle: Decrease the scale in thermometer





Rounded Rectangle: Inside the thermometer in to chicken cloaca during 2 minutes






Rounded Rectangle: Observing and according the themperature in the table






Rounded Rectangle: Allowing the chicken to movement to another place during 5 minutes






Rounded Rectangle: Decrease the scale in thermometer Inside the thermometer in to chicken cloaca during 2 minutes






Rounded Rectangle: Observing and according the themperature in the table






Rounded Rectangle: Repeat the prosedure until 3 time replaiying
 

























                  
             The influence of submerged in to chicken body themperature









Rounded Rectangle: Preparing the hen or cock in different age: child hen, child cock, adult hen and adult cock





Rounded Rectangle: Preparing the body thermometer





Rounded Rectangle: Decrease the scale in thermometer





Rounded Rectangle: Inside the thermometer in to chicken cloaca during 2 minutes





Rounded Rectangle: Observing and according the themperature in the table










Rounded Rectangle: Observing and according the themperature in the table





Rounded Rectangle: Repeat the prosedure until 3 time replaiying
 





















VI. Pembahasan

Praktikum ini yaitu suhu tubuh hewan, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi suhu tubuh hewan. Bahan yang digunakan pada praktikum ini adalah ayam (betina dan jantan; dewasa, remaja dan anak-anak). Pada praktikum ini menggunakan dua perlakuan yaitu mengetahui suhu saat pergerakan dan perlakuan perendaman didalam air terhadap suhu tubuh hewan.
Sebelum melakukan percobaan tersebut, pertama yang dilakukan adalah menimbang ayam terlebih dahulu. Setelah itu mengukur suhu awal dengan menggunakan termometer alkohol raksa yang dimasukkan ke dalam kloaka selama 5 menit, sebelum dimasukkan ke kloaka air raksa diturunkan suhunya terlebih dahulu. Kemudian mencatat suhu tubuh tanpa perlakuan didalam tabel yang telah disediakan. Perlakuan selanjutnya yaitu mengusahakan ayam tersebut lari dan bertebrangan selama 5 menit, kemudian mengukur kembali suhunya dan dicatat dalam tabel yang dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali perulangan. Perlakuan yang terakhir yaitu merendam tubuh ayam kedalam air selama 5 menit, kemudian mengukur kembali suhunya dengan termometer dan dicatat dalam tabel yang dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali perulangan.
Berdasarkan hasil penhasil yang diperoleh dari percobaan yang dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut;
Pada kelompok 1 dengan menggunakan hewan coba ayam jantan dewasa,  suhu awalnya adalah >420C dengan berat badan 2 kg. Pada perlakuan gerakan (dengan lari-lari), pada menit ke-5 diperoleh suhu sebesar >420C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar >420C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar >420C. untuk perlakuan perendaman, pada menit ke-5diperoleh suhu sebesar 35,50C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar 35,50C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar 35,50C. Jika dibandingkan dengan teori, hasil yang diperoleh kelompok 1, sudah sesuai. Semakin banyak aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh ayam, maka semakin tinggi suhu yang dihasilkan oleh tubuhnya. Sedangkan semakin lama ayam tersebut direndam didalam air, maka suhu tubuhnya akan semakin menurun.
Pada kelompok 2, dengan menggunakan hewan coba ayam betina dewasa,  suhu awalnya adalah >420C dengan berat badan 1,25 kg. Pada perlakuan gerakan (dengan lari-lari), pada menit ke-5diperoleh suhu sebesar >420C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar >420C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar >41,50C. untuk perlakuan perendaman, pada menit ke-5diperoleh suhu sebesar 400C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar 350C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar 350C.  Dari hasil yang diperoleh kelompok tersebut kurang sesuai dengan teori, karena suhu tubuh ayam tidak meningkat dengan semakin banyaknya gerakan yang dilakukan oleh ayam tersebut, yakni pada menit ke-5 dan 10 diperoleh suhu sebesar >420C dan pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar 41,50C. Kesalahan yang terjadi pada hasil pengamatan kelompok 2 dapat dikarenakan aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh ayam tidak sebanyak yang dilakukan pada awal percobaan, sehingga suhu tubuh ayam akan menurun. Sedangkan pada perlakuan dengan perendaman, kemungkinan kesalahan terjadi karena perendaman tubuh ayam tidak seluruhnya sehingga suhu tubuh hewan tersebut tidak berubah secara signifikan. Kesalahan yang lainnya terjadi karena kesalahan dalam membaca skala pada termometer alkoholnya.
Pada kelompok 3, dengan menggunakan hewan coba anak ayam jantan, suhu awalnya adalah 41,50C dengan berat badan 0,5 kg. Pada perlakuan gerakan (dengan lari-lari), pada menit ke-5 diperoleh suhu sebesar 41,50C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar 41,70C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar 41,30C. untuk perlakuan perendaman, pada menit ke-5 diperoleh suhu sebesar 35,20C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar 350C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar 350C. Dari hasil yang diperoleh, tidak sesuai dengan teori. Hal ini mungkin terjadi pada saat praktikum, ayam tidak melakukan banyak aktivitas jika dibandingkan dengan pergerakan aktivitas 10 menit pertama, akibatnya suhu turun. Selain itu juga terjadi karena kesalahan praktikan dalam membaca skala pada termometer. Pada perlakuan dengan merendam ayam pada air, hasil yang diperoleh sudah sesuai dengan teori, karena semakin lama ayam tersebut direndam, maka semakin turun suhu tubuh hewan tersebut.
Pada kelompok 4, dengan menggunakan hewan coba anak ayam betina, Suhu awal yang diperoleh sebesar >420C dengan berat badan 0,4 kg. Untuk perlakuan dengan gerakan (lari-lari), pada menit ke-5 diperoleh suhu sebesar >420C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar 41,50C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar 420C. untuk perlakuan perendaman, pada menit ke-5 diperoleh suhu sebesar 37,80C, pada menit ke-10  diperoleh suhu sebesar 35,80C, pada menit ke-15  diperoleh suhu sebesar 35,30C. Dari hasil yang diperoleh kelompok 4 tersebut kurang sesuai dengan teori, karena suhu tubuh ayam tidak meningkat dengan semakin banyaknya gerakan yang dilakukan oleh ayam tersebut. Kesalahan yang terjadi pada hasil pengamatan kelompok 4 dapat dikarenakan aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh ayam tidak sebanyak yang dilakukan pada awal percobaan, sehingga suhu tubuh ayam akan menurun.
Dari percobaan yang dilakukan, faktor-faktor pembanding yang digunakan adalah umur, jenis kelamin, berat badan, aktivitas tubuh dan pengaruh lingkungan.
1.     Umur, semakin tua umur suatu hewan maka semakin tinggi suhu tubuhnya. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan yang dilakukan mengenai pengaruh umur, menunjukkan bahwa suhu tubuh ayam anak-anak lebih tinggi dibandingkan suhu tubuh ayam dewasa. Hal ini berarti, hasil pengamatan tidak sesuai dengan dasar teori yang ada. Sebenarnya, umur tidak begitu berpengaruh terhadap suhu tubuh hewan, tetapi tergantung dari besarnya aktivitas dari hewan tersebut.
2.     Jenis kelamin, hewan jantan dan hewan betina memiliki suhu yang berbeda. Berdasarkan sistem hormonalnya, suhu tubuh hewan jantan lebih tinggi dibandingkan hewan betina. Pada kelompok 1 dan 2 yang menggunakan ayam dewasa, hasil perhitungan suhu pada ayam betina (kelompok 2) lebih tinggi dibandingkan suhu ayam jantan (kelompok 1). Hal ini berarti pada pengamatan kelompok 1 dan 2 belum sesuai dengan teori. Sedangkan pada kelompok 3 dan 4 yang menggunakan ayam remaja dan kelompok 5 dan 6 yang menggunakan ayam anak-anak, hasil pengukuran suhu tubuh ayam sesuai dengan teori yakni suhu tubuh ayam betina lebih rendah dibandingkan ayam jantan.
3.     Berat badan, berat badan dapat mempengaruhi proses metabolisme dalam tubuh hewan. Semakin berat tubuh suatu hewan maka proses metabolismenya juga semakin tinggi, hal ini menyebabkan peningkatan terhadap suhu tubuh hewan.
4.     Aktivitas tubuh, Aktivitas tubuh selain merangsang peningkatan laju metabolisme, mengakibatkan gesekan antar komponen otot/organ yang menghasilkan energi termal. Latihan (aktivitas) dapat meningkatkan suhu tubuh hingga 38,3-40,0 °C.
5.     Lingkungan, suhu tubuh dapat mengalami pertukaran dengan lingkungan, artinya panas tubuh dapat hilang atau berkurang akibat lingkungan yang lebih dingin. Begitu juga sebaliknya, suhu tubuh dapat meningkat akibat lingkungan yang panas.
Faktor-faktor lain yang juga berpengaruh terhadap suhu tubuh hewan, antara lain :
1.     Kecepatan metabolisme basal
Kecepatan metabolisme basal tiap individu berbeda-beda. Hal ini memberi dampak jumlah panas yang diproduksi tubuh menjadi berbeda pula, sangat terkait dengan laju metabolisme.
2.     Rangsangan saraf simpatis
Rangsangan saraf simpatis dapat menyebabkan kecepatan metabolisme menjadi 100% lebih cepat.
3.     Hormone pertumbuhan
Hormone pertumbuhan ( growth hormone ) dapat menyebabkan peningkatan kecepatan metabolisme sebesar 15-20%. Akibatnya, produksi panas tubuh juga meningkat.
4.     Hormone tiroid
Fungsi tiroksin adalah meningkatkan aktivitas hampir semua reaksi kimia dalam tubuh sehingga peningkatan kadar tiroksin dapat mempengaruhi laju metabolisme menjadi 50-100% diatas normal.
5.     Hormone kelamin
Hormone kelamin jantan dapat meningkatkan kecepatan metabolisme basal kira-kira 10-15% kecepatan normal, menyebabkan peningkatan produksi panas. Pada betina, fluktuasi suhu lebih bervariasi dari pada laki-laki karena pengeluaran hormone progesterone pada masa ovulasi meningkatkan suhu tubuh sekitar 0,3-0,6°C di atas suhu basal.
6.     Demam (peradangan)
Proses peradangan dan demam dapat menyebabkan peningkatan metabolisme sebesar 120% untuk tiap peningkatan suhu 10°C.
7.     Status gizi dan Gangguan organ
Mal nutrisi yang cukup lama dapat menurunkan kecepatan metabolisme 20-30%. Sedangkan kerusakan organ seperti trauma atau keganasan pada hipotalamus, dapat menyebabkan mekanisme regulasi suhu tubuh mengalami gangguan.

V.              Closing
7.1 Conclusion
Factors that influence the animal's body temperature, among others:
a. age
b. sex
c. weight
d. activity
e. environment
f. The basal metabolic rate
g. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
h. growth hormone
i. thyroid hormone
j. sex hormone
k. Fever (inflammation)
l. Nutritional status and organ Disorders

7.2 Suggestion
The experiment should be done carefully to avoid mistakes. At the time of reading the thermometer scale slipshod possibility that affect the body temperature of the animal derived, other than that when treated in order to move the chicken, not chicken possibility that movement causes the body temperature to rise. Immersion dyeing process is not entirely a chicken's body causes the body temperature of chicken tibak changed drastically. At the time of the execution of the experiment, the assistant should accompany that the error can be minimized.

REFFERENCE


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